Grammar
Dutch Grammar Guide
A complete A2 grammar reference — from articles and word order to modal verbs and subordinate clauses.
1. Articles: de & het
Dutch has two definite articles: de (common gender) and het (neuter). The indefinite article is always een.
de words (common)
- ~70% of Dutch nouns
- All plural nouns: de boeken
- Most words ending in -ing, -ie, -heid, -ij
- Most professions, animals, trees
het words (neuter)
- ~30% of Dutch nouns
- Diminutives (-je): het huisje
- Words with ge-/be- prefix
- Verb-derived nouns, metals
2. Personal Pronouns
| Person | Subject | Unstressed | Object |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | ik | k | mij / me |
| 2nd singular | jij / u | je | jou / u |
| 3rd masc. | hij | ie | hem |
| 3rd fem. | zij | ze | haar |
| 3rd neuter | het | 't | het |
| 1st plural | wij | we | ons |
| 2nd plural | jullie | — | jullie |
| 3rd plural | zij | ze | hen / hun |
3. Word Order: The V2 Rule
In Dutch main clauses, the verb always comes second (V2). This is the most important Dutch grammar rule.
Basic SVO order
I work in Amsterdam.
Inverted (V2) — topic first
In Amsterdam, I work. (subject flips after verb)
When something other than the subject starts the sentence, the subject and verb invert — but the verb always stays in position 2.
4. Negation
Dutch uses niet and geen for negation. Choosing between them follows a clear rule.
geen — negates nouns
Use when negating indefinite nouns (nouns without de/het):
niet — negates everything else
Use for verbs, adjectives, and definite nouns:
5. Adjective Endings
Adjectives get an -e ending in most situations. The only exception is with het words used indefinitely.
| Article | Gender | Form | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| de / het (plural) | any | -e | de grote auto / de grote huizen |
| een + de-word | common | -e | een grote auto |
| een + het-word | neuter | no ending | een groot huis ✓ |
| no article + het-word | neuter | no ending | groot water |
| predicative (after zijn) | any | no ending | De auto is groot. |
6. Modal Verbs
Modal verbs express ability, permission, obligation, or desire. They pair with an infinitive at the end of the clause.
| Verb | Meaning | Ik | Jij | Hij/Zij | Wij | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kunnen | can | kan | kunt/kan | kan | kunnen | Ik kan zwemmen. |
| willen | want | wil | wilt/wil | wil | willen | Ik wil koffie drinken. |
| moeten | must | moet | moet | moet | moeten | Je moet studeren. |
| mogen | may | mag | mag | mag | mogen | Mag ik binnenkomen? |
| zullen | shall/will | zal | zult/zal | zal | zullen | Ik zal het doen. |
7. Simple Past (Verleden Tijd)
Used for completed actions in the past. Regular verbs get -te/-de, irregular verbs change their stem.
Use -te if the stem ends in: t, k, f, s, ch, p (remember: 't kofschip)
Use -de for all other stems.
Regular -te
Regular -de
8. Present Perfect (Voltooid Tegenwoordige Tijd)
Formed with hebben or zijn + past participle. Used more often than simple past in spoken Dutch.
Use zijn with motion verbs (gaan, komen, rijden, lopen) and change-of-state verbs (groeien, sterven, worden).
Use hebben with most other verbs.
WITH HEBBEN
WITH ZIJN
9. Subordinate Clauses
In subordinate clauses (introduced by conjunctions like dat, omdat, als, wanneer, die, wat), the verb goes to the end of the clause.
I know that he works.
She isn't going because she is sick.
He'll call me when he is home.
Common subordinating conjunctions: dat (that), omdat (because), als (if/when), wanneer (when), terwijl (while), hoewel (although), zodat (so that)
10. Comparisons
Positive
groot
big
Comparative (+er)
groter
bigger
Superlative (het +st)
het grootst
biggest